英语专业毕业论文写作格式要求
目录
1.内封(中文)格式要求.等等等等等等等等等等等等2
2.内封(英文)格式要求.等等等等等等等等等等等等3
3摘 要(中文)格式要求等等等等等等等等等等等等4
4摘 要(英语)格式要求等等等等等等等等等等等等5
5目录格式要求等等等等等等等等等等等等等等.6
6论文装订顺序等要求等等等等等等等等等等等等.8
7正文及一级标题格式要求等等等等等等等等等等等.9
8二级标题及引文格式要求等等等等等等等等等等等...10
9标题格式要求等等等等等等等等等等等等...14
10二级标题在页首及四级标题格式要求等等等等等等..等等...15
11参考文献格式要求等等等等等等等等等等等等.17
12致谢格式要求等等等等等等等等等等等等等.21
论隐喻的运作机制
李小伟
总计:毕业论文26页
指导教师:张三
评阅人:李四
完成日期:2006年5月
IncorporatingCultureintoEnglishTeachinginMiddleSchools
AThesis
PresentedtotheCollegeofEnglish
DalianUniversity
ByLiXiaowei
InImpartialFulfillmentoftheRequirements
FortheDegreeof
BachelorofArtswithHonors
May2007
ThesisSupervisor:ProfessorYangHaiyan
摘 要
隐喻研究归根到底是隐喻机制的研究,它是隐喻研究的核心.两千多年来,隐喻一直被仅仅看作一种修辞手段,一种语言的陪衬,被看作是两种不同事物事先存在的相似性的比较或一个词对另一词的替代,进而形成对隐喻阐述的比较论和替代论.现代学者通过大量研究表明,隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手段,更重要的是,它是人类的主要认知方式.隐喻这一认知方式,给人们一种新的视角,创造一种相似.因此,现代学者着重于阐述相似是如何被创造出来的.在众多的隐喻理论中,影响较大的有布莱克和莱科夫的隐喻理论.(大约200字左右)
关 键 词:隐喻,搭配,术语
(中文摘 要的内容和关 键 词应与英文摘 要相对应,关 键 词3-5个,词与词之间用分号分开)
***正文引文中涉及到中国作者有两种情况:1)在参考文献中,如果用英文表述中国作者及着作,Shen,Dan.StylisticsandTranslation.Beijing:PekingUP,1995.那么在正文中,引用原作者话之后要这样在括号里标注,例如,ProfessorShenwritesthatthestandardoffaithfulnessandaccuracyisnotonly"aprinciplefortranslatingbusinesscontracts,butanattitudeintranslation"(Shen191).(引文标注用汉语拼音).2)在参考文献中,如果用汉语表述中国作者及着作,袁振国.当代教育学[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2002.那么在正文中,引用原作者话之后要这样在括号里标注,例如,EducatorYuanstatesthattheSocialEducationalModelwairstproposedbyGardnerandhiscolleaguesinearly1970'sandreformulatedin1985(袁振国116).(引文标注用汉语方块字).(此处引文为间接引文,故没有双引号).
Abstract
Themechaniofmetaphorisactuallythenucleusofthestudyofmetaphor.Formorethantwothousandyears,metaphorwasviewedasadeviceofrhetoric,anattachmenttolanguage.Inaccordancewiththisperspective,metaphorwasaparisonbetweentwothingsthatdonotbelongtothesamecategoryorwasregardedasonewordusedtosubstituteanotherbecausetherewerepreexistingsimilaritiesbetweenthem.Asaresultofthisperspective,twotheoriestookshape:onewastheComparisonTheory,theotherwastheTheoryofSubstitution.Butmodernscholarsdiscardtheperspective,holdingthatmetaphorisnotonlyadeviceofrhetoric,tobemoreimportant,itisaleadingwayforhumanbeingstoknowthisworld,awayofthinking.(中文摘 要的对应译文)
Keywords:metaphor,collocation,terms
(注意:关 键 词3-5个,字体要加粗,词与词之间用分号分开,除专有名词外,其他单词首字母不大写)
Contents
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Abstract等等等等等等等等等等等.等等.等等..ii
I.Introduction等等等等等等等等等等等等...等等..1
II.AHistoricalRetrospectionofMetaphor等等等等等等...等等...2
2.1AristotelianSchool:Metaphor—ADeviceofRhetoric等等等..等等.2
2.2ThePlatonicSchool—LanguageisMetaphorical等等等.等等等.5
2.3TheStudyofMetaphorfromthe20thCenturytothePresent等等等.等..6
III.OnSimilarity等等等等等等等等等等等等等7
3.1Similarity:AFundamentalCriterionfortheClassificationofMetaphor等等..7
3.2SimilarityandCulture等等等等等等等等等等等.9
3.3SimilarityandCategory等等等等等.等等等等等等10
3.4TheRelationshipBetweenSimilarityandKnowledge等等等等等.13
IV.OntheMechaniofMetaphor等等等等等等.等等等...15
4.1Black'sInteractionTheory等等等等等等等等....................15
4.1.1IntroductiontotheInteractionTheory等等等等等等等...15
4.1.2SomeDefectsoftheInteractionTheory等等等等等等等16
4.2LakoffianConceptualMetaphorTheory等等等等等等等...19
4.2.1ThePhilosophicalBasisofLakoffianTheory等等等等等...19
4.2.2LakoffianTheoryontheMechaniofMetaphor等等等等等21
4.2.3TheDeficienciesofLakoffianTheoryinExpoundingtheCreationofSimilarity等等等等.等等等等等等等等等...26
4.3ConceptualIntegrationTheory等等等等等等等等等.29
4.3.1AnIntroductiontotheConceptualIntegrationTheory等等等...等....29
4.3.1.1FourMentalSpaces等等等.等等等...等等等..29
4.3.1.2ThreeProcessesofBT等等等..等等等..等等等..33
4.3.1.3OptimalityPrinciplesofBT等等.等等等等...等等.34
4.3.2TheAdvantagesofBTinSolvingtheParadoxoftheTwoFormerTheories等等等等等等等等等等等等等...34
4.3.2.1TheGenericMentalSpace等等等等等等.等...等...34
4.3.2.2TheBlendingSpaceandEmergentStructure等..等等..等...35
4.3.2.3TheOtherAdvantagesofBT等等等..等等..等等40
V.Conclusion等等等等等等等等等等.等等等等42
Bibliography等等等等等等等等等..等等等等等45
Acknowledgements等等等等等等等等等等等等46
论文装订顺序等要求:
页码起始从Introduction部分开始第1页,直到Acknowledgements结束,(包括Acknowledgements).
其装订顺序为:封面(学校印刷厂负责印刷学校统一封面)→内封页(中文)→内封页(英文)→中文摘 要→英文摘 要→目录→正文(如果有注释,可以加在当前页下脚或者放在本章节后面)→参考文献→致谢
(论文打印用A4纸)
页眉:4.5cm,小五,TimesNewRoman,下划线
页脚:1.8cm
注:Bibliography和Acknowledgement上面不加页眉
(详见论文样本)
I.Introduction
Thestudyofmetaphorhaslongbeenwithusandthefocusofthestudyisthemechaniofmetaphor.Itisthemostsignificantandindispensablepartofthestudy.Formorethantwothousandyears,thestudyiscarriedonmainlyfromtheperspectiveofrhetoric,viewingmetaphorasadeviceofrhetoric,anembellishmentoflanguage.TherepresentativeofthetheoriesinthislongperiodisAristotle'sComparisonTheoryandQuintilian'sTheoryofSubstitution.Becausemetaphorisnotonlyarhetoricalphenomenon,butalsooneofcognition,theinterpretationforceofthesetheoriesisverylimited.In1936,I.A.RichardsputforwardInteractionTheory.LaterMaxBlackmadeanelaborationoftheworkofhis.InteractionTheoryclaimsthatmetaphorisacognitivelyirreduciblephenomenonthatworksnotatthelevelofwordbination,butmuchdeeper,arisingoutoftheinteractionbetweentheconceptualstructuresunderlyingthewords.ButtheoneswhoreallyturnthestudyofmetaphortoanewpageareGeeLakoffandMarkJohnson.ThemarkofthischangeisthepublicationofthebooknamedMetaphorsWeLiveBy.ThetheoryofLakoffandJohnson'sisConceptualMetaphorTheory.Asthesescholarsregardmetaphorasthecreationofsimilarity,theirtheoriesconcentrateonhowthesimilarityiscreatedandhowthenewmeaningisproducedthoughtheirinterpretationsarenotperfect.Recently,anothertheoryappeared—ConceptualIntegrationTheoryorBlendingTheory.Comparativelyspeaking,itioreconvincingonthemechaniofmetaphorthantheothertwo.(以下省略,此部分字数最少不少于300字)
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II.AHistoricalRetrospectionofMetaphor
2.1AristotelianSchool:Metaphor--ADeviceofRhetoric
AndrewOrtony,oneofthemostinfluentialwritersonmetaphor,haspointedout,andtherearefewwhowoulddisagreewithhim,thatitisstillthecasethat"AnyseriousstudyofmetaphorisalmostobligedtostartwiththeworksofAristotle"(Ortony3).(此处指引文来源:作者页码)
InPoetics,Aristotleexpoundstheessence,functionandthewayofexplanationofmetaphorasthreenuclei.Hedefineetaphoras"theapplicationofanaliennamebytranerenceeitherfromgenustospecies,orfromspeciestogenus,orfromspeciestospecies,orbyanalogy,thatis,proportion"(Aristotle71).Thenhegiveourkindsofmetaphor:
Since'lyingatanchor'isaspeciesofthegenus'lying',onecansay'therelieyship'(genus-to-specieetaphor),since'tenthousand'isaspeciesofa'largenumber',onecansayverilytenthousandnobledeedshathOdysseuswrought(species-to-genuetaphor).Since'todrawaway'and'toclee'areeachaspeciesofthegenus'takingaway',onecansaywithbladeofbronzedrewawaythelife(species-to-specieetaphor).Andsinceoldageistolifeaseveningtotheday,onecansaythatoldageistheeveningoflife(ibid.).(此符号ibid.意为同上,引文出处与上相同.本例为整段引用,即blockquotation,前后空五号字一行)
Allmetaphors,Aristotlebelieves,fallintoatleastoneofthesefourcategories,althoughanalogymetaphorsarethemostpleasing.Aristotlealsoholdsthatmetaphorcanmaketheprosaicstylecharming,andstressesthatitcanonlybeconfinedtopoetry(ibid.72).Thisperspectiveleadstothelatertheoristakingdistinctionbetweenpoeticlanguageandeverydaylanguage.EspeciallyinChapter21and22ofPoetics,Aristotlestatesthateveryword"iseithercurrent,orstrange,ormetaphor,orornamental,ornewlycoined,orlengthened,orcontracted,oraltered"(ibid.70).ItisobviousthatAristotleclassifieetaphorsaslyingoutsidenormallanguageuse.Theyaredeviantoraberrantformsofdiscourse.Healsoholdsthatmetaphorhasnocognitivevalueandierelyanembellishmentoflanguage(Kittay1).AlsointhischapterofPoetics,heelaborateshowmetaphorsareunusualanddiscussestherelationshipbetweenmetaphorandgenius,viewingmetaphorasatalentofepicpoetsandtragedians:
Thegreatestthingbyfaristoheamandofmetaphor.Thisalonecannotbeimportedbyanother,itisthemarkofgenius—fortomakegoodmetaphorsimpliesaneyeforresemblances(Aristotle72).
AsHawkswritesaboutAristotle'saccountofmetaphor:
Itisabundantlyclearthat,asanentityinitself,metaphorisregardedasadecorativeadditiontolanguage,tobeusedinspecificways,andatspecifictimesandplaces(ibid.8-9).
InRhetoric,(书名下划线)Aristotlesaysthatthebestmetaphorsarethosethatachievetheeffectofbringingthingsvividlybeforetheeyesoftheaudience.Hearguesthatthiseffectis"producedbywordswhichrefertothingsinaction"(ibid.92-93)."Thebestimageinvolvesametaphor"(ibid.96).Fromtheabovestatements,weknowthatAristotleviewetaphorasarhetoricaldeviceandanembellishmentoflanguage.Finallyheestablisheshistheoryonmetaphor—ComparisonTheory.Itistheearliesttheoryinthehistoryofthestudyofmetaphor.Itaingistis:
1Metaphorsaremattersoflanguageandnotmattersofthoughtoraction.Thereisnosuchthingaetaphoricalthoughtoraction.
2Ametaphoroftheform"AisB"isalinguisticexpressionwhosemeaningisthesameasacorrespondinglinguisticexpressionoftheform"AislikeB,inrespectX,Y,Z等""RespectsX,Y,Z等"characterizewhatwehecalled"isolatedsimilarities".
3Ametaphorcanthereforeonlydescribepreexistingsimilarities.Itcan'tcreatesimilarities(Lakoff&,Johnson1980:153).(如果在论文中引用同一作者的不同的着作,应加上出版年代以示区别)
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III.OnSimilarity
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IV.OntheMechaniofMetaphor
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4.1Black'sInteractionTheory(章内每节标号及标题左起顶格,四号字,加粗,前后空一行为小四号字.如在页首则其前不空行,但其后空行)
4.1.1IntroductiontoInteractionTheory
InteractionTheorywasoriginatedfromI.A.Richards'theory.Inhisdefinitionhesays:"Inthesimplestformulation,whenweuseametaphorwehetwothoughtsofdifferentthingsactivetogetherandsupportedbyasingleword,orphrase,whosemeaningisaresultantoftheirinteraction"(Richard89).Themostimportantinthisdefinitionis"twoactivethoughtsinteractwitheachother."Hefirstprovidedthebasicterminologyandconceptualframeworkfordiscussingmetaphor.Hearguedthatmetaphorconsistsoftwoterms,thetenor,ortopic,andthevehicle,andthe
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4.3TheConceptualIntegrationTheory
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4.3.1AnIntroductiontotheConceptualIntegrationTheory
ConceptualIntegrationTheorywasproposedbyGillesFauconnierandMarkTurner等等等等等等等等等等等等等
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4.3.1.1FourMentalSpaces
InBT,thebasisunitofcognitiveanizationisnotthedomainbutthementalspaces,whichareapartialandtemporaryrepresentationalstructurethatspeakersconstructwhenthinkingortalkingaboutaperceived,imagined,past,present等等等等等等等等等
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V.Conclusion
Thestudyofmetaphoris,inessence,thestudyofhowmetaphorworks.Itisthenucleusofmetaphorstudy.Modernscholarsdiscardtheperspectivethatmetaphorisadeviceofrhetoric,anattachmenttolanguage,andclaimthatmetaphorisofcognitionandisomnipresent,itisawayofhumanthinking.Moreover,theyholdthatmetaphorcreatessimilarityinsteadofparingtwothingswhicharebasedonthepreexistingsimilarity.Hence,themechaniofmetaphoristointerprethowsimilarityiscreated.Black'stheoryandLakoffiantheory,duetosomedefectsanddeficiencies,arenotabletogiveacleardescriptionofthecreationofsimilarity.Theyendeortoexpoundtheappearanceofanewstructureafteranovelmetaphor,buttheyfailtodothatandresultin"isomorphi".
Themechaniofmetaphorissophisticated.Itisaresultofvariouactors.Interacting,projectingandblendingconstitutetheprocess.ItisobviousthatBT,onthebasisofthetwoabove-mentionedtheories,focusesonsolvingtheproblemofthe"isomorphi"-structure.Tooidmittingthesamemistakethatalltheknowledge,thefeatureappedfromthesourcedomainandthestructure(topology)ofthetargetdomainareinterwoven等.
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Bibliography
MLA"参考文献"格式范例
Adams,RichardP.Faulkner:MythandMotion.Princeton:PrincetonUP,1968.
Aiken,Conrad."WilliamFaulkner:TheNovelasForm."FrederickJ.HoffmanandOlgaW.Vickery.Eds.WilliamFaulkner:ThreeDecadesofCritici.EastLansing:MichiganStateUP,1960.
Barker,DeborahE.,andIvoKamps."MuchAdoaboutNothing:LanguageandDesireinTheSoundandtheFury."MississippiQuarterly:TheJournalofSouthernCulture.46.3(Summer1993):373-93.
Bleikasten,Andre.Faulkner'sAsILayDying.Bloomington:IndianaUP,1973.
Carter,Ronald,ed.LanguageandLiterature:AnIntroductoryReaderinStylistics.London:GeeAllen&,Unwin,1982.
——.LiteraryTextandLanguageStudy.London:EdwardArnold,1982.
Faulkner,William.Absalom,Absalom!NewYork:TheModernLibrary,1936.
——.FaulkneratNagano.RobertA.Jeliffe,ed.Tokyo:Kenyusha,1956.
——.TheSoundandtheFury.Middlesex:Penguin,1964.
Hellstrom,Gustaf."PresentationSpeech."20Jan2003.
<,nobel.se/literature/laureates/1949/press.>,
Kinney,Arthur."TeachingNarrativeasMeaningin'AJustice'andTheSoundandtheFury."ApproachestoTeachingFaulkner'sTheSoundandtheFury.Eds.StephenHahnandArthurF.Kinney.NewYork:MLA,1996,140-43.
Leech,G.N.1969.ALinguisticGuidetoEnglishPoetry.Longman.RptinBeijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,2001.
Leech,GeoffreyN.andMichaelH.Short,1981.StyleinFiction:ALinguisticIntroductiontoEnglishFictionalProse.RptinBeijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,2001.
Popping,Roel.Computer-AssistedTextAnalysis.London:Sage,2000.
Shen,Dan.StylisticsandTranslation.Beijing:PekingUP,1995.
中文书目:
#30340;重要信息源之一,在本规范中采用GB7714推荐的顺序编码制格式着录.一、参考文献着录项目
①主要责任者(专着作者,论文集主编,学位申报人,专利申请人,报告撰写人,期刊文章作者,析出文章作者).多个责任者之间以","分隔,注意在本项数据中不得出现缩写点"."(英文作者请将作者名写全).主要责任者只列姓名,其后不加"着","编","主编","合编"等责任说明.②文献题名及版本(初版省略).③文献类型及载体类型标识.④出版项(出版地,出版者,出版年).⑤文献出处或电子文献的可获得地址.⑥文献起止页码.⑦文献标准编号(标准号,专利号等).
二、参考文献类型及其标识
根据GB3469规定,以单字母方式标识以下各种参考文献类型:
行二级标题,TimesNewRoman四号,顶格加粗,上空一行,下不空行
标题,TimesNewRoman小四号,顶格加粗,上下不空行
二级标题,TimesNewRoman四号,顶格加粗,在页首时上下都不空行
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一级标题单独起页,TimesNewRoman三号,顶格加粗,下空小四一行
引用同一作者的多个作品时,用横线代替作者名
第二行悬挂缩进4-5个英语字母.1.5倍行距.
第二行悬挂缩进2个汉字