本站原创北京地区成人本科学士
学位英语统一考试应试指南
刘本政总主编
学位英语统考命题研究委员会 审
中国人民大学出版社
中国人民大学成人英语
红宝书编委会
总主编刘本政
主 编 龙啸 孙绍艳
编 者 葛晓华 黄箭宇
李娜 邵士锋
目录
再 版 总 序
前言
第一部分考试大纲
北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试大纲
第二部分应试指南
阅读理解
语法结构
挑错
完型填空
翻译
词汇
第三部分 模拟试题和真题及讲解
模拟试题(一)
附:模拟试题(一)参及分析
模拟试题(二)
附:模拟试题(二)参及分析
2007年4月北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试试题(A)
附 录 :
常考动词词组
常考短语
再版序言
《北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试应试指南》已经连续出版了五年.该书因其体例新颖,试题分析准确,对命题规律的分析和总结见解独到,极具指导性和权威性,因而成为众多考生必备的复习资料,并被学生誉为"人大英语红宝书".在过去的五年里,先后有近9万考生成为本书的读者,并在当年的考试中直接受益于本书.该书每年均多次重印,深受考生推崇和喜爱.
2007年上半年,组织中国人民大学数十位专家,结合最新大纲对红宝书进行全面修订,推出中国人民大学英语红宝书系列,共推出《北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试应试指南》,《北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试词汇必备》,《北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试历年真题名家详解》,《北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试最新预测试卷》四册.从而使红宝书在考生的备考上更趋全面.
在本书出版之际,正逢学位英语考试成绩公布,许多考生向编辑部发来电子邮件或打报喜.并对本书的修订和再版提出建议.
通过我们多年来对读者的,读者选择人大英语红宝书作为复习资料大体有以下原因:
1 教师推荐.
大部分成人高校英语教师把人大英语红宝书作为必备的教学参考资料,有些老师直接用人大英语红宝书作《授课讲义》.
2 往届师兄师姐和同届考生的强力推荐.人大英语红宝书通过五年的修订和再版,在考生中有着良好的口碑.考生在复习备考之初,在寻求师兄师姐的指导时,大部分考生会得到如下答复:用人大英语红宝书.一些考生甚至直接把人大英语红宝书的封皮贴在学位英语论坛里,并告知考生在什么书店可以写到此书.
3 编写阵容强大,资料权威.本套教材的编写人员中,不但有了解学生需要的一线教师骨干,也有多年参与命题阅卷的专家.对大纲考点的准确把握,对命题趋势的了解洞悉,使 该教材涵盖了历年考试和大纲的考点.人大英语红宝书连续多年押中考试原题,在考生中影响较大.我们曾对本书的使用情况作过,结果发现以此书为教材的考生的通过率比平均通过率要高30%左右.很多学生都反映我们的题目设计十分接近真题,因而考生们在考试时得心应手,取得了满意的成绩 .
本书的出版和修订工作,多年来一直得到广大教师和考生的支持,希望您在使用本书过程中继续提出更多的宝贵意见,以便进一步修订完善.反馈意见请发送至:liubenzheng@vip.sina..联系010―62510353.再次,预祝考生金榜题名！
编者于中国人民大学
2007年5月
前言
本书是中国人民大学英语红宝书系列中的核心辅导教材,在原有的红宝书的《专项训练》的基础上, 结合最近几年考试的最新命题趋势以及命题思路进行了全面修订.
新教材主要包括以下内容:第一部分是最新的考试大纲.第二部分是应试指南.该部分保留了原有红宝书的核心部分,针对阅读,词汇及语法结构,挑错,完型填空和翻译各题型提出了完整的对策和解题思路,使考生备考复习思路更趋清晰.语法是学位英语考试取得成绩的关键 ,为此,新版红宝书以龙啸老师在中国人民大学授课的北京地区成人本科学位英语考试考前辅导班的语法课为蓝本进行了全面补充和修订,把学位英语考试范围内的重点语法做了系统而准确的讲解,汲取了龙啸老师语法课的精髓,词汇是考生学习的难点,而且最近几年的考试,词汇的考查比重开始上升,因此词汇部分在本教材中专门列了一部分,以此也顺应了词汇在考试中的地位.考生掌握了该书的词汇语法这两部分后,相信考试中词汇语法挑错部分将得到超过90%的分数.第三部分是两套模拟试题和2007年4月的试题及其分析.考生从中可以了解北京地区成人本科学位英语考试的题型及难度,以便备考.
新教材还附录了统一考试常考的短语和词组,并附有一定的练习,均为广大考生应熟练掌握的考试必备词汇.
由于时间仓促,红宝书的编写难免存在缺点和不足之处,欢迎专家,学者及广大考生批评指正.
编者
2007年5月
第一部分
考 试 大 纲 及 考 务 规 定
北京地区成人本科学士
学位英语统一考试大纲
总则
1991年北京市开始实施北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试,为使这一考试更加规范,也使广大考生能够熟悉英语考试的内容,题型,难度及记分办法,制定本大纲.
北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一导师的目的是为了检测本地区成人教育系列中非外语专业的英语教学水平,保证成人本科毕业学士学位的授予质量.
成人英语教学的目的是培养学生具有较强的阅读能力,一定的英汉互译能力和初步的听力能力,使他们能以英语为工具,获取专业所需要的信息,并为进一步提高英语水平打下较好的基础.为此,本考试主要考核学生运用语言的能力,重点是考核学生的阅读能力以及对语法结构和词语用法的熟练程度.
本考试是一种标准化考试.由于尚不具备口试条件,目前暂只进行笔试.考试范围主要参照全日制文理科本科英语教学大纲所规定的一至除说的技能以外的大部分内容.在题型设计上,除英汉互译部分是主观试题外,其余试题均采用客观性的多项选择题形式.待将来条件成熟时,再酌情增加听力及短文写作的内容.
本考试每年举行两次,分别在4月和11月,每次考试时间为两小时,即上午9:00~11:00.本考试由北京市教委高教处负责,考务工作由北京教育综合怎么写作中心具体实施.
考试内容
本考试内容包括五个部分:分别是阅读理解,词语用法与语法结构,挑错,完形填空和英汉互译.全部题目顺序统一编号,共85题.
第一部分:阅读理解(Part I Reading Comprehension), 共15题,考试时间40分钟.要求考生阅读三篇短文,总阅读量不超过900个词.每篇文章后有五个问题,考生应根据文章内容从每题四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案.短文选材的原则是:
1 题材广泛.包括人物传记,社会,文化,日常知识,热门话题及科普常识等.但所涉及的背景知识应能为学生所理解.
2 体裁多样.包括叙述文,说明文,议论文等.
3 文章的语言为中等难度.无法猜测而又影响理解的关 键 词 ,如超出全日制文理科教学大纲中词汇表一至的范围,则用汉语注明词义.
阅读理解部分主要测试考生的下述能力:
1 掌握所读材料的主旨和大意,
2 了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节,
3 既理解字面的意思,又能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论,
4 既理解个别句子的意义,又能在一定程度上理解上下文的逻辑关系.
阅读理解部分主要考核学生通过阅读获取信息的能力,既要求准确,也要求有一定的速度.
第二部分:词语用法和语法结构(Part II Vocabulary and Structure),共30题,考试时间25分钟.题目中50%为词和短语的用法,50%为语法结构.要求考生从每题四个选项中选出一个最佳答案.
词语用法和语法结构部分主要考核学生运用词汇,短语及语法结构的能力.考试范围包括全日制文理科本科教学大纲中词汇表及语法结构表一至的主要内容.
第三部分:挑错(Part III Identification),共10题,考试时间10分钟.挑错题由10个单句组成.每个句子含有标着A,B,C,D的四个划线部分,其中有一处是错误的,要求考生从四个划线部分中挑出其错误的部分.
挑错部分是词语用法和语法结构部分的延伸,目的是测试学生掌握词汇,短语及语法结构的熟练程度,其重点是固定搭配和句型,考试范围与第二部分相同.
第四部分:完型填空(Part IV Cloze),共20题,考试时间15分钟.完形填空题是在一篇题材熟悉,难度适中的短文(约200词)中留有20个空白.每个空白为一题,每题由四个选项.要求考生在全面理解内容的基础上选出一个最佳答案,使短文的结构和意思恢复完整.填空的选项包括结构词和实义词,有些选项会涉及到一些重要的语法内容.
完型填空部分主要考核学生综合运用语言的能力.
第五部分:翻译(Part V Translation), 共10题,考试时间30分钟.翻译试题由两部分组成.第一部分为英译汉,要求考生把前面阅读理解文章中划线的五个句子译成中文.第二部分为汉译英,要求考生把五个难度适中的中文句子译成英文.英译汉和汉译英的句子难度均低于课文的英语文章.评分标准要求译文达意,无重大语言错误.
翻译部分主要考核学生词汇,语法,句型等方面综合运用语言的能力.
答题及记分办法
客观性试题用机器阅卷,要求考生从每题四个选项中选出一个最佳答案,并在答题纸( Answer Sheet)上相应部分用铅笔在字母中间划一横线.每题只能选择一个答案,多选无效,该题按零分计.多项选择题记分只算答对的题数,答错不扣分.翻译类主观性试题按科学的评分标准评分,其答案必须写在另附的答题纸上.
整套试题共计100分,60分为及格标准.凡达到及格标准的考生均发给成人教育大学英语考试合格证书.
试卷五个部分的题目数,记分及考试时间列表如下:
序号题号各部分名称题目数计分考试时间Ⅰ1--15阅读理解153040Ⅱ16—45词语用法和
语法结构303025Ⅲ46—55挑错101010Ⅳ56—75完形填空201015Ⅴ76--85翻译102030合计85题100分120分钟
考 务 规 定
一,考试对象
所有在校的成人高等教育非英语专业的本科学生(包括大专起点本科学员)均可参加.
二,报名方法
各校按报名条件接受学生报名,填写报名汇总表和考生名册,在规定时间内将报名软盘两份(3寸),报名汇总表和考生名册一份及报名费交到北京市教育委员会北京教育综合怎么写作中心.
考试时间设在北京市教委高教处,负责考试工作的部署,具体考务工作由北京教育综合怎么写作中心负责.
三,考试时间
每年两次定于4月和11月的第二个星期六(或周日)上午9:00-11:00进行.具体考试时间以报名通知为准.
四,考试命题
北京市教育委员会聘请有关专家负责考题的设计,审定工作,并对考试结果进行分析.
五,考场设置
以学校为单位设置考场,每30名考生为一个标准考场.不足30人的为非标准考场(1~29人).每校在一个地区只允许有一个非标准考场.
六,准考证填写要求
准考证是学生参加考试的凭证.准考生号按7位数字编排.
考生代号
考场代号
学校代号
1"学校代号"按北京市教委英语统测统一编排的代号,
2"考场序号"各校按顺序从001起编排,
3"考生序号"每个考场都从01起编,最大不超过30.
七,AB卷的使用
成人本科英语统测采用A,B卷制.每考场A卷和B卷各半.监考人员在分发试卷时,应当使每名考生的前后左右不是同一类试卷,分卷路线是Z字形.例如:
ABAB AB A B
BABA BA B A
ABAB AB A B
BABA BA B A
每份试卷的封面上注明是A卷或B卷.监考人员应提醒考生,在拿到试卷后必须看清自己的试卷是A卷或B卷,然后在答题纸上"试卷种类"一栏相应的字母上用铅笔划一条线,不划试卷种类或错划试卷种类,在机器阅卷时将发生错判,其后果由考生自负.
八,考场要求
每个考场必须安排二名以上监考人员,监考中要特别注意以下事项:
1 严肃考场纪律,严禁考生代考,,一经发现,取消考试资格,
2 考试开始后,监考人员要注意检查考生答题纸上的学校,姓名,学校代号,试卷种类和准考证填写是否正确,
3 缺考考生的答题纸由监考人员填写学校代号和准考证号,并在答题卡相应的位置(确考栏)涂黑后按顺序一并交回,
4 考试结束后,将答题纸数量点齐并按顺序放入答题纸专用袋(密封).
填写答题纸专用袋封面的各项内容,并将考场应到,实到数,缺考考生准考证号及考试情况写在考场记录上,
5 考生一律要带准考证,学生证参加考试,以便检验,防止代考,
6 外埠设考场的学校须派本校教师送卷,监考,
7 学校的学士学位授予部门负责本校考试的巡视工作.
九,考生须知
1 记住考试日期和时间以及所在考场,准时参加考试,9:15分后不得参加考试.
2 考生必须携带准考证,学生证,及考试用的铅笔,橡皮,直尺进入考场.
3 不准携带任何书本,纸张,录音器材,手机,BP机等物品进入考场.
4 遵守考场纪律,不可以冒名顶替.
5 把准考证,学生证和放在座位左上角,备查.
6 在答题卡上填写学校名称,准考证号,姓名,试卷种类等项.答题卡上用铅笔划写.
7 仔细读懂题目的说明.
8 试题答案用铅笔划在答题卡上,划在试题上无效.
9 监考人员试卷收齐后,考生才可以离开考场.
十,答题纸划线要求
1 答题纸一律用铅笔填写,
2 线划在字母或数字的中间,从左边方括号一直划到右边括号,但不要超过方括号,
3 划线要有一定的粗度和浓度,浓度要盖过所印字母或数字底色.切勿用尖而细的铅笔轻轻划一条线.不能使用活动铅笔.若划线过淡,机器阅卷时将读不出,影响考试成绩,
4 如果要改,一定要用橡皮擦干净,要没有污渍,否则机器阅卷是将判为两个答案而作答错处理,
5 注意不要划错行.例如:不要把第6题的答案划到第5题或第7题上去,
6 因划线不合要求而产生的机器阅卷差错由考生本人负责,
7 准考证号一定要划写正确.划写错误而造成的成绩差错由考生本人负责.
十一,证书发放
凡考试合格者,由北京市教育委员会统一颁发《北京地区成人高等教育英语统测证书》.此证书是学位授予部门对申请学位者授予学位的依据.证书编号由北京教育综合怎么写作中心统一编排.
北京地区成人高等教育本科学士
学位英语统一考试认定的说明
北京教育综合怎么写作中心
下列四种情况属于考试行为,考试成绩为零分:
1 学校按有关规定认定为考试,
2 主观题答卷认定为考试,
3 三名考生或三名以上考生客观题答卷认定为雷同的,且雷同率在96%以上,
4 相邻两名的卷别相同(即同为A卷或B卷)且客观题答卷雷同的,且雷同率在96%以上.
第二部分
应 试 指 南
第一章阅读理解
1.考试大纲对阅读理解的要求
根据北京地区成人高等教育大学英语考试大纲中对阅读理解部分的要求,阅读理解(Part I Reading Comprehension),共15题,考试时间40分钟.
考试中要求考生阅读三篇短文,总阅读量不超过900个词.每篇文章后有五个问题,考生应根据文章内容从每题四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案.短文选材的原则是:
1,题材广泛.包括人物传记,社会,文化,日常知识,热门话题及科普常识等.但所涉及的背景知识应能为学生所理解.
2,体裁多样.包括叙述文,说明文,议论文等.
3,文章的语言为中等难度.无法猜测而又影响理解的关 键 词 ,如超出全日制文理科教学大纲中词汇表一至的范围,则用汉语注明词义.
阅读理解部分主要测试考生的下述能力:
1,掌握所读材料的主旨和大意,
2,了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节,
3,既理解字面的意思,又能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论,
4,既理解个别句子的意义,又能在一定程度上理解上下文的逻辑关系.
阅读理解部分主要考核学生通过阅读获取信息的能力,既要求准确,也要求有一定的速度.
2.概说
2.1考试中常见的文章体裁及相应考点
一般来说,我们阅读文章的目的是为了获取信息.文章题材不同, 其结构特点就会各异.随着时代的发展,阅读内容更趋于信息化,时代化,突破了单一的故事,寓言等题材,内容涉及新闻,广告,科普,医疗,教育等,文章的题材也从记叙扩大到产品说明,逻辑推理及实际应用等文体.不同的问题阅读的要求与方法不尽相同.
1,记叙文
记叙文一般以讲述个人生活经历为主,对于经历的陈述通常由一定的时间概念贯穿其中,或顺序或倒序.试题主要是考察考生对情节,事件的结局,人物的性格等的把握.记叙文阅读应抓住四大要素,即时间,地点,人物和事件(包括事件的起因,发展和结果),以及人物之间的关系,从中分析他们思想品质和性格特征等.
2,说明文
这些文章主要是一些科普性或技术性文章,对某一个事物或者某一个现象进行说明.作者的目的是让读者获得知识和信息,对说明对象有所了解,并获得某些方面的启示.这类文章用阅读理解的测试时,主要会考查说明对象的特点及内在关系等细节性内容,有时也会考查上下文的关系.
3,议论文
议论文主要是阐明作者对人或事的立场观点.最容易辨认出来的议论文模式是主张与反主张模式.在这一模式中,作者首先提出一种普遍认可的观点或某些人认可的主张或观点,然后进行澄清说明自己的主张或观点,或者说提出反主张或说明真实情况.这类文章的主观性一般都很强,考生一定要仔细体会作者的语气,从中发现其真实的态度.同时,在阅读时必须正确把握文章的论点和论据,理清论证思路,再进行逻辑推理,得出结论.
4,应用文
应用文是最贴近日常生活的文体,它包括通知,广告,便条,申请书,个人简历等,形式多样,题材各异,如图示,表格,地址,等.对这类文体的阅读应简明扼要地抓住所需要信息,理解文章内容.但从近些年的考题来看,这种体裁的文章在英语考试中并不多见,但在未来的考试中有可能会出现,考生应引起注意.
2.2阅读能力的培养和提高
2.2.1打下坚实的语言功底
1,掌握足够的词汇量
词汇量的不足将使阅读变得如瞎子摸象,不仅会导致对文章大意的错误理解,而且会大大影响阅读速度.要解决这个问题,考生不仅要在平时尽量通过各种途径扩充词汇量,同时更要熟悉某些成语的含义和用法,避免在考试中"望文生义",胡乱猜测,例如,black tea意为"红茶",而不是"黑茶",look forward to除了有"向前方看"的含义之外,还有"期待"的意思.需要注意的是,背单词不一定要整天捧着单词书,通过大量的阅读实践来积累单词量才是更可取的方法,也就是说,单词量大,阅读能力会提高,反过来,大量的阅读也可以使单词量不断增长.
打下坚实的语法基础
作为一种逻辑性很强的拼音语言,英语的结构比较规整,并具有很强的规律性,具体体现为大量的固定句型和惯用说法等等.因此,扎实的语法知识会大大增强阅读理解的能力,当考生能够整体把握句子的结构,并在脑海里形成一个理解语句的框架时,阅读效率将大大提高.需要注意的是,对于语法的学习,考生不能仅仅满足于记住多少语法规则,更重要的是要能够熟练利用语法知识来分析复杂句子的结构,达到理解句意的目的.
2.2.2进行大量而广泛的阅读
英语考试中的阅读理解部分的分值是30%,如果考生能够抓住这部分分数的话,将会非常有助于考生提高成绩.这一部分失分太多可能有语法概念不清,单词量偏少等诸多原因,但更重要的原因是平时阅读量偏少,头脑中的语言内存不够,对于英语的常用句型不熟悉,阅读速度慢.这里说的阅读不是逐字逐句的"咬文嚼字"式的精读,而是大量且广泛的通读,从而培养自身的语感.质变源于量变,因此,建议各位考生能够进行大量的英文原着阅读,这不仅是好多英语学习成功者的"制胜宝典",也是我本人从事英语学习过程中最贴切的感受.对于考生来说,可以从英汉对照读物或是英文简易读物开始,不要一句句地对照着汉语阅读,而是集中精神阅读英文部分,力求掌握文章的大意.如果反复通读之后,仍然对内容毫无概念,可以适时参考中文部分,同时考虑一篇较容易的文章来读.另外,英语考试历年的阅读真题也是非常好的阅读资料,多做历年的真题,不仅可以使考生熟悉考试中阅读文章的题材,而且可以使考生了解出题的思路,形成做题的"感觉".一个值得推荐的方法是,考生可以把每次遇到的理解有困难的句子整理到一个本子上,反复琢磨自己理解句子或段落的障碍所在——可能是定语从句,状语从句,到装结构或虚拟语气等,另外,考生也可以在阅读之后把影响自己对文章的理解或减慢速度的生词或短语记录下来,反复记忆,这样就可以通过阅读积累词汇量了.
2.2.3注意各学科知识和生活经验的积累
知识和生活经验的积累对于阅读的作用不言自明,考生应该广泛涉猎不同的领域,了解最基本的自然科学和社会科学常识,并在生活中积累经验.阅读理解的考题选自不同的领域,涉及到天文,地理,文化,风俗,自然等等多方面的内容,如果考生平时多留心积累各个领域的基本知识,将理解文章有很大的帮助.如根据化学知识,即使不认识某些单词,也可以推测这句话的含义:Water is mainly made from oxygen and hydrogen(水主要由氢和氧组成),根据生活经验可以理解Green plants let out oxygen and breathe in carbon dioxide(绿色植物释放氧气,吸收二氧化碳).熟悉英美文化背景
语言和文化是不可分割的,仅仅从字面上理解作者所要表达的意图是远远不够的,可能英文单词本身翻译过来是一个褒义词,但是放在某个国家的文化背景下就是一种截然相反的意义.汉语和英语中的许多表达方式都包含着特定的文化信息,体现了独特的文化传统背景.因此,积累丰富的文化背景知识对提高英语的阅读能力是十分必要的.譬如,英文中narcissus(水仙花)就有"自恋"的含义,这在汉语中是不存在的,成语treat or trick(请我客,否则我就对你使把戏,耍花招.)是西方人在万圣节,也就是"鬼节"常说的一句话,表示在这一天很多人装鬼吓唬人.作者建议考生阅读《圣经故事》,《欧洲文化入门》,《希腊罗马神话故事》等西方文化门书籍,如果英语水平达到了一定程度,还可以阅读一些英文原版读物,不仅可以体验原汁原味的语言,更可以了解不同文化的差异.另外,还要关注西方社会在科技,社会生活,风俗习惯及价值观等方面最新的变化,这些话题常常是考试出题者的偏爱.
23应试阅读技巧
根据不同的阅读目的,可以采用不同的阅读方法,或称阅读技巧.一般来说,阅读方法有略读,寻读和细读三种.(1)略读(Skimming)"略读"又称"浏览",是指跳过细节,跳过不重要的描述与例子,进行快速阅读以求抓住文章的大意和主题思想的方法.阅读时速度要快,一般来说,250字左右的短文应在二,三分钟之内看完.略读时精力必须十分集中,不要去记忆细节,遇到个别生词或难懂的词句均可略过,以求对全文总体意思的了解.为了更好地抓住全文的中心思想,略读时要特别注意文章的起始段和结束段以及文章中每一段的段首句和结尾句,因为它们往往是对文章内容最好的概括.(2)寻读(Scanning)寻读是快速寻找某一特殊信息的阅读方法.它的目的非常明确,即找到所需要的信息.日常生活中我们对这一方法并不陌生.例如从人群中找出你认识的朋友,从货架上找出你想购写的商品,在书架上寻找一本你要找的书,从一本指南中找出某个单位的地址等,都是利用这种方法.在寻读时,目光要自上而下,一目数行地寻视与答题相关的词句,与此无关的内容要很快掠过.当回答who, when, where等有关文章细节时,我们用这种方法很快就能找到答案.(3)细读(Reading for full understanding)细读是在找到文章中的有关部分以后,在此范围内逐句阅读,特别要对关 键 词 ,句仔细琢磨,以便对其有比较深刻,准确的理解.不仅要理解其字面意思,还要通过推理和判断,弄清文章中字里行间所隐含的意思.在细读的过程中,对没有学过的生词,可根据上下文的背景知识来推测其词义,对难以看懂的长句,可借助语法手段,对其加以分析,以达到正确理解的目的.
另外,考生也要注意合理有效的分配利用时间.有的考生习惯于先读懂全文,再做题,答题时出现困难后再重新返回原文,寻找答案.无疑,这种方法会使得本来就很紧张的考试时间更加紧张,也对考生心理上造成过多的压力.与此相反,有的考生总是把题目浏览一遍,然后带者问题去阅读原文,这种方法一定程度上会节省考试时间,也使得阅读具有一定的针对性,然而,由于对文章的主旨及大意不了解,也常常会迷失方向,不知道在哪个段落里寻找答案,实际上,很可能造成低效率低准确率的结果.实际上,较好的阅读方法是先看一小段文章,对大意有了一定的了解之后,再去看问题.很可能的情况是考生根据已经阅读的部分可以选出第一题(大部分为文章大意方面的题)的答案,如果回答不了第一个问题,根据情况,可以有两种处理方式:第一,如果第一题是文章的大意,那么,就看第二个问题,如果已读部分能回答第二个问题,就立刻做出答案,然后往下看第三个问题,再回头读原文,找到答案.找到第三个答案后,就看第四题的问题,然后带问题再去读原文,以此类推.最后读完文章后别忘了回答第一题.第二,如果第一题不是问文章大意的题目,而是一个可以根据已读部分解答的题目,就立刻作答,然后再看第二题,带着问题到原文找答案.这种方法的核心是在对文章题材和主题有一个基本的了解后,带着一个问题去读原文,即可以节省时间,又提高了做题的准确性.
总之,在阅读一篇文章的过程中,我们应根据不同的要求,采用不同的阅读方法,对有些阅读理解问题知其大意即可,另一些需要寻读,而少数则需要细心推敲.在统考中我们应当充分利用以上三种阅读方法,即用"略读"法浏览全文,以求抓住文章的大意和主题思想.在此基础上根据问题的要求,采用寻读或细读的方法来解答问题.2.4阅读技巧
1.纵观历年试题,可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子.命题者想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式,复合从句 这些句子往往较长,一个从句套着另一个从句,环环相扣其实,不管句子有多长多复杂,它只由两部分构成,即主干和修饰成分.主干是整个句子的骨架,主要指主谓宾结构或主系表结构.而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用,它既可以是单词,也可以是短语,更常见的则是从句,尤其是定语从句和状语从句这时,考生应通过仔细分析,将每个修饰成分划出来,找出句子的主干,这样整个句子结构就清晰Recyclingalsostimulatesthelocaleconomybycreatingjobsandcontrolsthepollutionandenergycostsofindustries(thatmakerecycledproducts)bygivingthemabetterrawmaterial.回收利用不但可以创造就业机会,来促进当地经济的发展,还可以控制污染,并通过为工业提供更好的原材料来降低制造再生产品的工业部门的能源成本. 在这个句子中,主句有两个并列的谓语动词stimulates和,而且,有两个并列的宾语pollution和energycosts,that引导的定语从句修饰industries一词.
分隔结构 为了调整语气和增加补充信息,更主要的是为了平衡句子结构,避免头重脚轻,使语义严密, 结构紧凑,而将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来,这就是所谓的分隔结构.插入语,用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息.此外,还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置,也可以看作是插入现象.Thereality(thathasblockedmypathtobeethetypicalsuccesulstudent)isthatengineeringandtheliberalartssimplydon'tmixaseasilyasIassuredinhighschool.在我成长为一个出类拔萃的学生的道路上,阻碍我的实际问题就是,工科和文科不能像我在中学时想象的那样简单地结合在一起. 注意主语thereality与谓语部分isthat...之间的分隔.第一个that引导的定语从句修饰reality,第二个that引导表语从句.分省略 在英语句子中,节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则.省略主要是为了避免重复,突出关 键 词 并使上下文紧密连接.成分省略一般和从句相结合,一正一反,使句子富于变化,增强表现力.Carefulsurveysheindicatedthataanyas50percentofpatientsdonottakedrugsas(theyare)directed.(省略主语和系动词)改变语序主要指倒装句式.这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法,或是为了强调句子的表达意义重心,或是强调一种表达语气,如虚拟语气,否定语气等.这些句子往往和一些副词,连词相关,有明显的标志.Shouldyoubreaktheruleagainststaringatastrangeronanelevator,youwillmaketheotherpersonveryunfortable,andyouarelikelytofeelabitstrangeyourself.
表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气,从句的谓语用should+动词原形或wereto+动词原形,从句中的if可以省略,需将were或should前移至句首.
2.下面我们结合近年来的阅读真题中出现的长难句来分析,并巩固这些技巧:
1. Unfortunately, television's influence has been extremely harmful to the young. (1)Children do not he enough experience to realize that TV shows present an unreal world, that TV advertisements lie to sell products that are sometimes bad or useless. They believe that the violence they see is normal and acceptable. All educators agree that the "television generations" are more violent than their parents and grandparents.
2. Also, the young are less patient. (2)Used to TV shows, where everything is quick and interesting, they do not he the patience to read an article without pictures, to read a book that requires thinking, to listen to a teacher who doesn't do funny things like the people on children's programs. And they expect all problems to be solved happily in ten, fifteen, or thirty minutes. That's the time it takes on the screen. (06年4月passage 1)
文章长难句分析
1. ⑴{Children do not he enough experience}to realize ⑵【that TV shows present an unreal world】, ⑵【that TV advertisements lie to sell products ⑶(that are sometimes bad or useless.)】
该句的意思是:儿童由于没有足够的经验,无法认识到:电视节目展现的是一个不真实的世界,电视广告呢,往往也会为一些劣质的或没用的产品做虚检测宣传.
首先要抓住句子的第一层结构⑴,即最根本的主谓宾关系.Children 为主句主语,后面的"没有足够经验便为"谓语和宾语.
第二层结构⑵便为" realize" 后面的两个由that 引导的宾语从句,这部分作experience的结果状语.
第三层结构⑶为第二个that 引导的宾语从句中套着的定语从句.先行词为products, 可翻译成劣质或无用的产品.
2. ⑵【Used to TV shows, ⑶(where everything is quick and interesting)】, ⑴{they do not he the patience}⑵【to read an article without pictures】, ⑵【to read a book ⑶(that requires thinking)】, ⑵【to listen to a teacher ⑶(who doesn't do funny things like the people on children's programs.)】
该句的意思是:习惯于快捷有趣的电视节目,人们就没有耐心去读一篇没有图片的文章,或者是一本需要仔细思考的书,更不愿意听一位老师讲课却不风趣,一点也不像儿童节目中的人那样.分析:首先要找到句子的主干,即第一层结构⑴,主语为they, 谓语为don't he,宾语为patience.在这个总主干之前和之后都有补充成分,都是状语.
然后就是分析第二层结构⑵,即两个状语.前面自"used to"直到they,都是做句子的原因状语,而后面的三个"to" 则是做主句的目的状语.
接下来就是第三层结构⑶,即在两个状语中出现的复合结构.前面shows后的分句,是对其修饰的定语从句,shows 在句中作地点状语,而后面的不定式结构中,book 后面是定语从句,teacher 后面也是定语从句.
本题结构之复杂,可谓是句子套句子的典型,值得考生仔细琢磨.
下面我们再来看一篇真题节选.
Nonverbal (非语言的) munication has to do with gestures, movements and closeness of two people when they are talking. (1) The scientists say that those gestures, movements and so on he meaning which words do not carry.
For example, the body distance between two speakers can be important. North Americans often plain that South Americans are unfriendly because they tend to stand close to the North American when speaking, while the South American often considers the North American to be "cold" or "distant" because he keeps a greater distance between himself and the person he is speaking to . The "eye contact" provides another example of what we are calling nonverbal munication. Scientists he observed that there is more eye contact between people who like each other than there is between people who don't like each other. (2)The length of time that the person whom you are speaking to looks at your eyes indicates the amount of interest he has in the things you are talking about. ( 2006年4月passage 2)
文章长难句分析
1.⑴{The scientists say that those gestures, movements and so on he meaning ⑵(which words do not carry).}
本句意思是:科学家们说,这些手势,动作所传达的意思是词语无法表达的.
分析:在这个句子里,有宾语从句也有定语从句.共有两层结构.首先是主句中say后that 引导的宾语从句(划线部分),然后在宾语从句中又有"which"引导的定语从句,为结构(2),修饰meaning.
2. The length of time (主语)⑵【that the person ⑶(whom you are speaking to)looks at your eyes】 indicates(谓语) the amount of interest(宾语)⑵【he has in the things ⑶(you are talking about).】
本句意思是:当你和别人谈话的时候,从他直视你眼睛的时间可以看出他对你的话题感兴趣的程度.
分析:首先,句子的主干是:"The length of time indicates the amount of interest.".
这个句子中的从句从大到小that引导的定语从句,修饰the length of time ,whom引导的定语从句,修饰the person, " he has in the things"修饰 interest, 而" you are talking about"又进一步修饰"the things".
总之在对长难句分析时,关键在于抓住句子的主干,由主到次,再结合前面的技巧,就能迎刃而解了.
3.模拟训练:题号不明白
(1)However, those who are accustomed to longer greetings may require a little more time before they feel fortable with American simple talk. (06年11月passage1)
(2)Other economists he argued that a large population gives more scope for specialization and the development of facilities such as ports, roads and railways, which are not likely to be built unless there is a big demand to justify them. (06年11月passage2)
(3)One of the difficulties in carrying out a world-wide birth control program lies in the fact that official attitudes to population growth vary from country to country depending on the level of industrial development and the ailability of food and raw materials. (06年11月passage2)
(4)The old authoritarian (要绝对服从的) methods of education were discredited (不被认可) rather a long time ago--so much so that many people now think that they he gone too far in the direction of trying to make children happy and interested rather than giving them actual instruction.(06年4月passage3)
(5) The results are even more serious, for where there are trees their roots break the soil up allowing the rain to sink in--and also bind the soil, thus preventing its being washed away easily but where there are no trees, the rain falls on hard ground and flows away from the surface, causing flood.(05年11月passage 2)
(6) Adam Smith saw this, but he also took it for granted that division of labor is itself responsible for economic growth and development and it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that stand still.(05年11月passage 3)
3.解题类型与真题解析3.1主旨题
主题思想题在考试中出现的频率较高,因为这类题可考查考生抓主要信息的能力,而能够抓住文章的主要信息又是阅读能力的一个极为重要的方面.这类题在设题时常会用到title, subject, main idea , topic, theme等词.常见的提问形式有以下几种:What is the main idea of the passage
Which of the following would be the best title
What's the best title for the passage
The main idea of the passage is that _____.
This passage tells us _____.
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage
What does the passage mainly discuss
做这类题时常用略读法,把注意力放在抓主要信息上,不去过分注意细节事实,否则会造成"只见树木,不见森林"的结果.通常的办法是,快速阅读文章时注意找出各段主题句.英文文章各段主题句常放在段首,有时也放在段尾或段落中间,有时不明确写出,通读文章后把各段主题句联系起来,一般就能得出文章主题.
就整篇文章来讲,首段和尾段一般对于解这类题更为重要.下面以2002年和2003年的真题为例做一下解析.In ancient times the most important examinations were spoken, not written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually consisted of saying poetry aloud or giving speeches. In the European universities of the Middle Ages, students who were working for advanced degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of the subject. This custom exists today as part of the process of testing candidates for the doctor's degree. Generally, however, modern examinations are written. The written examination, where all students are tested on the same question, was probably not known until the nieenth century. Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in population and the development of modern industry. A room full of candidates for a state examination, timed exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers, resembles a group of workers at an automobile factory. Generally, during examinations teachers and students are expected to act like machines.
One type of test is sometimes called an "objective" test. It is intended to deal with facts, not personal opinions. To make up an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer. Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like correct answers to students who he not learned the material properly.
2. The main idea of paragraph 3 is that_________.
A. workers now take examination
B. the population has grown
C. there are only written exams
D. examinations are now written and timed
【答案】D.第三段一开始就谈到"一般来讲,现在的考试都是笔试,"随后又谈到"所有的考生在一个房间,规定时间,有监考老师."所以D是正确答案.
Passage B
After a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the previous day. The rest that you get while sleeping enables your body to prepare itself for the next day. There are four levels of sleep, each being a little deeper than the one before. As you sleep, your muscles relax little by little. Your heart beats more slowly, and your brain slows down. After you reach the fourth level, your body shifts back and forth from one level of sleep to the other. Although your mind slows down, from time to time you will dream. Scientists who study sleep state that when dreaming occurs, your eyeballs begin to move more quickly (although your eyelids are closed). This stage of sleep is called REM, which stands for rapid eye movement.
If you he trouble falling asleep, some people remend breathing very slowly and very deeply. Other people believed that drinking warm milk will help make you drowsy. There is also an old suggestion that counting sheep will put you to sleep！
1. A good title for this passage is_____.
A. Sleep B. Good Health
C. DreamsD Work and Rest
【答案】A,主旨题.第一段的主题句是Sleep is necessary for good health.接下来第二段描述了睡眠的四个阶段,第三段说的是睡眠中的快速动眼阶段,最后一段告诉你失眠了该怎么办.本文的四段全与Sleep有关,因此答案为A.
32信息题
信息题由主要事实和细节题组成,就是我们平时所说的由who ,what ,where ,when , why ,which ,how引出的问题.这是极为常见的阅读理解题.这类题主要是针对论证支持主题的事实或例证设题,可能涉及数学计算,概念理解以及是非判断等.这类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子,再对相关部分进行细读,找出问题答案.这类题提问的形式多种多样,常见的有以下几种:Which of the following (statements) is Not mentioned in the passage
According to the passage,which of the following statements is true
According to the passage, all of the following are true except _____
How many等
What等
Why等
解这类题时,审题是关键,首先一定得看清问题.比如一句结论性的话后边到底是等is true,还是is not true.另外,由于细节题比较容易,有时为了增加测试难度,命题人员在题干或选项中要增加一些文字或意义上的干扰.所以考生很少能在原文中找到一模一样的现成答案.下面以2002年和2003年的真题为例做一下解析.
Passage A
On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln went to Gettysburg in Pennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery. The Civil War was still going on. There was much critici of President Lincoln at the time. He was not at all popular. He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. The principal speaker was to be Edward Everett, a famous statean and speaker of the day. Everett was a handsome man and very popular everywhere.
It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Late that night, alone in his hotel room and tired out, he again worked briefly on the speech. The next day Everett spoke first. He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes. His speech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day. Then Lincoln rose. The crowd of 15,000 people at first paid little attention to him. He spoke for only nine minutes. At the end there was little applause. Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked, "I he failed again." On the train back to Washington, he said sadly, "That speech was a flat failure, and the people are disappointed."
Some newspapers at first criticized the speech. But little by little as people read the speech they began to understand better. They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deep meaning. It was a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could he made.
Today, every American school child learns Lincoln's Gettysburg Address by heart. Now everyone thinks of it as one of the greatest speeches ever given in American history.
11. In 1863, Abraham Lincoln was_________.
A. very critical B. unpopular
C. very popularD. very courteous
【答案】B.答案可以在第一段的第四句话找到:"He was not at all popular."此题干扰项为A."critical"指"挑剔的,苛刻的".not at all popular等于unpopular.
12 Lincoln was invited to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery because he was _______
A. a famous speakerB. a very handsome man
C. president of the countryD. a popular statean
【答案】C.答案第一段"He was not at all popular. He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness."当时林肯一点也不受欢迎,他被邀请去演讲仅仅上出于礼貌."因为他是总统.
14. It was a fact that Lincoln's speech was _________. A. an immediate success B. warmly applauded
C. a total failure D. not well-received at first
【答案】D.答案可以在文章的第二段找到."At the end there was little applause."最后几乎没有什么掌声.所以他的演讲开始没有被大家接受,D为正确答案.AB,C均不符合文章的内容.
15. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage A. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address has deep meaning.
B. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is simple in style.
C. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is memorized by every American school child.
D. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is the greatest speech ever delivered in the United Stats.
【答案】D.答案可以在文章的第三段和第四段找到."他的演讲含义深刻,风格简朴,如今美国所有的在校的学生都能背诵他的演讲,文章又谈到:"现在所有的人都认为他的演讲是美国历史上最好的演讲之一."而不是美国最好的演讲.所以D是错误的.
Passage B
Too often young people get themselves employed quite by accident, not knowing what lies in the way of opportunity for promotion, happiness and security. As a result, they are employed doing jobs that afford them little or no satiaction. (80) Our school leers face so much petition that they seldom care what they do as long as they can earn a living. Some stay long at a job and learn to like it, others quit from one to another looking for something to suit them. The young graduates who lee the university look for jobs that offer a salary up to their expectation.
Very few go out into the world knowing exactly what they want and realizing their own abilities. The reason behind all this confusion is that there never has been a proper vocational guidance in our educational institution. Nearly all grope (摸索)in the dark and their chief concern when they look for a job is to ask what salary is like. They never bother to think whether they are suited for the job or, even more important, whether the job suits them. Hing a job is more than merely providing yourself and your dependants with daily bread and some money for leisure and entertainment. It sets a pattern of life and, in many ways, determines social status in life, selection of friends, leisure and interest.
In choosing a career you should first consider the type of work which will suit your interest. Nothing is more pathetic than taking on a job in which you he no interest, for it will not only discourage your desire to succeed in life but also ruin your talents and ultimately make you an emotional wreck (受到严重伤害的人) and a bitter person.
11. The reason why some people are unlikely to succeed in life is that they
A. he ruined their talentsB. he taken on an unsuitable job
C. think of nothing but their salaryD. are not aware of their own potential
【答案】B.第一段的主题句很清楚地告诉我们.有些年轻人是很偶然才找到工作的,因此他们在工作中很少或基本不能够获得满足感.由此可知,他们不太可能成功的原因是他们没有找到合适的工作.
12. The difficulty in choosing a suitable job lies mainly in that_____.
A. much petition has to be faced
B. many employees he no working experience
C. the young people only care about how much they can earn
D. schools fail to offer students appropriate vocational guidance
【答案】D.第二段中"The reason behind all this confusion is that there never has been a proper vocational guidance in our educational institution."告诉我们,大学毕业之所以在找工作时有很多误区,原因主要在于学校未能够提供就业方面的指导和培训.
13. Which of the following statements is most important according to the passage
A. Your job must suit your interest.
B. Your job must set a pattern of life.
C. Your job must offer you a high salary.
D. Your job must not ruin your talents.
【答案】A.第三段的首句"In choosing a career you should first consider the type of work which will suit your interest"中的"first"与题干中的"the most important"相吻合.
33推理题
推理性试题大多含有infer ,imply ,suggest ,conclude,(most)probably等关 键 词 .以下是一些常见的提问方式:
It can be inferred from the passage that _____.
The passage implies that _____.
The passage suggests that _____.
What is implied in the passage
The paragraph following(proceeding)this passage probably will discuss (discusses)_____.
推理性试题不能从文章中直接找到答案.解这类题需要考生在正确理解原文语言字面意义的基础上,运用逻辑推理的方法去理解文章字里行间的意义.对原文中找到的所有相关信息要进行仔细分析,摸清它们相互之间时间,方位,因果,对比等逻辑关系,在此基础上进行综合推理,选定答案.
我们先以上文所引试题中的与林肯有关的阅读理解文章为例.
13. It can be inferred from the text that_________.
A. Lincoln prepared his speech very carefully before he went to Gettysburg
B. Lincoln was very busy at the time and didn't he much time to prepare his speech
C. Lincoln's speech was full of rich words
D. Lincoln's speech was very long
【答案】B.推断题.答案在文章的第二段的开始可以找到."It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Late that night, alone in his hotel room and tired out, he again worked briefly on the speech.""据说林肯是在去葛底斯堡的火车上准备他的演讲的.那天深夜,在宾馆的房间里,他既孤独又疲倦,只是简单准备了一下."所以通过这些句子我们可以判断林肯非常的忙,没有更多的时间准备他的演讲,B是正确答案.A,C,D,均不符合文章的内容.
下面我们再来看一段例文
Passage A
Advertisement can be thought of "as the means of making known in order to buy or sell goods or services". Advertisement aims to increase people's awareness and arouse interest. It tries to inform and to persuade. The media are all used to spread the message. The press offers a fairly cheap method, and magazines are used to reach special sections of the market. The cinema and mercial radio are useful for local market. Television, although more expensive, can be very effective. Public notices are fairly cheap and more permanent in their power of attraction. Other ways of increasing consumer interest are through exhibitions and trade fairs as well as direct mail advertisement.
There can be no doubt that the growth in advertisement is one of the most striking features of the western world in this century. Many businesses such as those handling frozen foods, liquor, tobacco and medicines he been built up largely by advertisement.
We might ask whether the cost of advertisement is paid for by the producer or by the customer. Since advertisement forms part of the cost of production, which has to be covered by the selling price, it is clear that it is the customer who pays for advertisement. However, if large scale advertisement leads to increased demand, production costs are reduced, and the customer pays less.
It is difficult to measure exactly the influence of advertisement on sales. When the market is growing, advertisement helps to increase demand. When the market is shrinking, advertisement may prevent a bigger fall in sales than would occur without its support. What is clear is that businesses would not pay large sums for advertisement if they were not convinced of its value to them.
5. From the last sentence of this passage we conclude that _________
A. businesses usually do not pay much for advertisement
B. businesen know well that advertisement could bring them more profits
C. advertisement could hardly convince people of the value of the goods
D. advertisement usually cost businesses large amounts of money
【答案】B.推断题.文章最后一句话的意思是很明显,如果商家对产品的利润没有把握的话,是不会很多钱投资广告的.反过来说,商家非常清楚广告会给他带来更大的利润.因此B是正确答案3.4词汇题
词汇题是询问文章中出现的某个词,某个词组甚至某个句子含义的题型.其中所询问的词,词组或句子,往往不为考生所熟悉,但又能在文中找到线索进行推测,所以这类考题是检查考生是否具备根据一个词,词组或句子所处的特定环境来判断其意义的能力.
这类题常见的提问方式有以下几种:
The word"等"in line 5 refers to等..
The word"等"(Line 6. para.2) most probably means _____.
By"等", the author means _____.
The word"等"could best be replaced by which of the following
Which of the following is nearest in meaning to"等"
In para.2, the sentence "等"probably means"等".
解答这类试题时,考生应首先明白,任何词或词语都不是孤立的,它或它们所在的上下文往往能提供重要的线索.某个定义,解释,甚至标点符号,关联词都可以帮生推测一些词或词语的意义,除此之外,我们还必须注意所测试的词或词语与其前后一些词形成的同义,反义,并列和指代等关系.
(2003年11月)
In choosing a career you should first consider the type of work which will suit your interest. Nothing is more pathetic than taking on a job in which you he no interest, for it will not only discourage your desire to succeed in life but also ruin your talents and ultimately make you an emotional wreck (受到严重伤害的人) and a bitter person.
15. The word "pathetic" in Paragraph 2 most probably means____.
A. splendid B. miserableC. disgustedD. touching
【答案】B,词汇题.根据"than taking on a job in which you he no interest."我们可以推断pathetic应该是表示贬义,因此答案只能从B和C中选择,其次,根据后面的两个动词"discourage"和"ruin"我们就确定了答案B."pathetic"此处为"糟糕的,差劲的"之意.
(2003年11月)
If you he trouble falling asleep, some people remend breathing very slowly and very deeply. Other people believed that drinking warm milk will help make you drowsy. There is also an old suggestion that counting sheep will put you to sleep！
2. The word "drowsy" in the last paragraph means____.
A. sick B. stand up C. asleepD. a little sleepy
【答案】D,词汇题.根据上下文,如果你难以入睡,有人建议你做缓慢的深呼吸,有人认为喝热牛奶能过帮助你入睡.因此答案应该从C和D中进行二选一."asleep"指的是"睡着了"而"sleepy"是指的"欲睡的,困乏的".最后确定答案为D.
以下介绍几种通过上下文推断词义的行之有效的方法.
1,标点符号是理解词义的一条重要线索因为有些词的定义是通过标点符号如破折号,括号冒号等来完成的.如:
Sometimes we work on night shift—— from 11:30 p. m to 7:30 a. m
从破折号后的说明,我们可以断定"night shift"是"夜班"的意思.
2,有些信号词如:is called, means, that is, is, or, define as, refer to 等通常是针对某一词汇的定义,解释或说明.如:
One sort of crimes which particularly worries people is juvenile delinquency,that is, crimes mitted by young people.
从that is的解释来看我们可以断定"juvenile delinquency"即青少年犯罪.
3,举例可以帮助我们理解词义.对于有些重要的词汇,作者常在词后自带解释或例子.因此,根据例子可猜出词义.如:
You may select any of these periodicals :Time Magazine, Newsweek, Reader′s Digest or The New Yorker.
从后边列举的时代周刊,新闻周刊等流行期刊,我们可以断定periodical"即期刊杂志.
4,靠形成反差,对照的词或词组猜出词义.常见的这些词或词组有while, whereas, unlike, but, yet, although, however, in contrast, on the other hand, rather than等.如:
Jane was talking with others while Eliza remained reticent all the time.
文章的while作而,却解,由此我们可以断定reticent"作沉默寡言的解.
5,凭借常识和经验猜测词义.如:
The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.
只要你知道so that这个结构,凭借常识就应猜出"lintel"的意思是"过梁,上门梁".
6,根据构词法来猜测词义.熟悉英语词汇的构词法,特别是派生词的构成方法及词义,可以帮助我们在阅读过程中有效地猜测词义,提高阅读速度,准确答题.
考生应特别注意英语词缀的某些特点.如,一般来说前缀只增加或改变一个词的意义,但并不改变其词性.例如:supermarket(超市),foretell (预言),dissatiied(不满意的)unfortably(不舒服地)等.而后缀不但可以增加或改变一个词的意义,而且改变其词性.如washable变动词洗为形容词可洗的,normalize变形容词正常的为动词使等正常化,beginner变动词开始为名词初学者,childless则由名词小孩变为形容词无子女的.只要知道词根的意义,又熟悉前缀和后缀表示的意义,就不难判断这些词的词义.
3.5态度题
作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里,只能通过细读文章,从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来.这种题型常见的提